Leonhard Kurz’s “Iconic Space Grille”, does not only illustrates modern vehicle design but was also produced in a new production process.

The Iconic Space Grill can be adapted to the design of electric vehicles. With different lighting, it enables communication with other road users and an individual design according to the request of the user

16:9

Award-Winning Front Panel Combines Exciting Design with an Efficient  Manufacturing Process

Automotive

Elektronik

Polyurethan

Kunststoff Werkstoffe

Kunststoff

Bauwesen

Baustoffe

Polycarbonat

Thermoplaste

An Eye-Catching Addition  to Electric Vehicles

Sabic presents a special blend that helps prevent unpleasant noise in automotive interiors. The new LNP Lubriloy N2000 compound, is based on polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and offers both molded-in color capability and paintability.

The new compound helps prevent buzz-squeak-rattle (BSR) noise in automotive interiors, such as mirror housings and trim, cupholders, button guides and heating-ventilation-air conditioning (HVAC) frames. © Sabic

Blend

Kfz-Elektronik

ABS / ASA-Kunststoffe

Less Noise, More Design Freedom

The central issue in all polyurethane applications is the conversion from the past linear economy into a circular economy, and the use of sustainable raw materials in manufacturing. To do so, manufacturers are taking measures such as using bio-based raw materials, chemical recycling, and CO2 as a synthesis component. Digitalization, electromobility, autonomous driving and the construction industry are also driving PU development.

Insulation boards and metal composite elements are the primary applications for PU in the construction industry. Since buildings are  responsible for 40 % of global energy consumption, more efficient materials in this area can generate big savings, such as through improved insulations

Polyurethane (PU)

Bauchemie

Polyurethan-Schaumstoffe (PUR)

Halbzeuge und Zwischenprodukte

Kunststoff-Halbzeuge

Baubetrieb / Bauwirtschaft

Windkraft

Energieerzeugung

Erneuerbare Energie

Kunststoff-Recycling

Kunststoffverarbeitung: Verfahren

Kunststoff-Aufbereitung

Sustainable Growth

Lightweight construction, functionality and design are characteristic of material development in all areas of application for PC compounds, composites and films. The range of materials has enormous opportunities when it comes to the mobility of the future, lightweight structural construction with continuous fiber-reinforced composites, 5G technology and medical technology.

In electric vehicles, the original function of the radiator grille, namely to supply air to the engine, is no longer needed. It can therefore be used entirely as a design element, for example by integrating luminous logos and fade-out effects

Polycarbonate (PC)

Recycling

Umweltmanagement

Technische Kunststoffe

Medizintechnik

Medizinprodukte

Present in a Multitude of Trends

For lightweight applications e. g. in automotive engineering BASF developed carbon fiber-reinforced polyphthalamide (PPA) grades with fillings of 20, 30 und 40 %.

The carbon fiber-reinforced PPA e. g. can replace aluminum and magnesium 

PPA Now with Carbon Fiber-Reinforcement

Faserverbundwerkstoffe

Andere Werkstoffe

Lightweight Metal Replacement

Teknor Apex presents three halogen-free FR glass-reinforced polyamide compounds with UL94 ratings of V0.

Application example: engine cover in the automotive industry

Polyamide

Glass-Reinforced and Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant

Polymaker will offer the Polymaker PC-r 3D printing filament made from recycled polycarbonate (PC). The PC for the filaments comes from materials supplier Covestro and consists of a combination of recycled plastic waste and virgin material.

The combination of recyclates and virgin material reduces the carbon footprint of the polycarbonate and still allows it to be extruded into filaments

Filamente für additive Verfahren

Werkstoffe für additive Verfahren

Additive Fertigung

Kunststoff-Rezyklat

Water Bottles Become Filaments

The new mobile communications standard 5G is advancing steadily. This development is also increasing the demand for materials that facilitate and ensure the high transmission rates for 5G signals. Plastics manufacturer Covestro has presented a corresponding thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).

Covers for cell phones must not only protect the devices from shocks, but also allow mobile signals to pass through without interference

Cell Phone Covers Made from TPU

Electrical architecture in an E-car is significantly more challenging than for conventionally powered vehicles. Particularly for insulation of high-voltage (HV) components, the demands on the materials used are increasing. With specially-tailored materials for electric vehicles, challenges in automotive high-voltage technology can be overcome.

Insulation of high-voltage components in electric vehicles makes high demands on the materials used

Polyamide Specialties for Electromobility

Elektromobilität

Mobilität

High Voltage in Cars

Thanks to new technologies and together with other chemical derivatives the greenhouse gas CO2 can be converted into plastic precursors. Covestro is developing sustainable insulating materials for the construction sector based on this raw material.

Using innovative CO2 technology, Covestro already produces the CO2-based precursor cardyon, which is utilized in the manufacture of mattresses, sports flooring, textile fibers and components for vehicle interiors

Dämmstoffe

Schaumstoffe und Vorprodukte

Using CO2 in Rigid Foam Insulation Boards

Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites have also become established with thin-walled housings for consumer electronics and information technology. Not only do they offer high stiffness and help to reduce weight, but also enable the integration of classy appearance and functions. What is more, if the housings are produced using the hybrid molding process, costs, processing steps, and cycle times can be reduced.

The Carbon 1 Mark II smartphone from Carbon Mobile was developed in Germany. The matt-black carbon fibers lend the smartphone a classy high-tech look

Composites Reduce Weight and Simplify Production of Electronics Housings

Composite-Halbzeuge

Glasfasern / -matten

Verstärkungsstoffe

Kohlenstofffasern / -matten

Kunststofffasern

Organobleche (gewebeverstärkte Thermoplast-Halbzeuge)

Lightweight to Fit in a Pocket

Components in solar power stations are exposed to strong solar radiation and other severe environmental influences. These challenges can be met with the aid of self-lubricating, UV-resistant plastic compounds.

The self-lubricating EP-15 sliding bearings consist of a UV-resistant POM compound and therefore have long-term resistance to the intense solar radiation in photovoltaic plants

Self-Lubricating Polyoxymethylene Bearings for Solar Systems

Solar / PV

Polyoxymethylen

Defying the Sun

The RadiciGroup High Performance Polymers Business Area is adding significantly to its global production capacity with new construction and installations in North America, Europe and China.

The new plant in Mexico with an area of 20,000 m2 is part of the investment strategy in North America

Compound

Compoundeure

Dienstleistungen

Handel

Radici Increases Production Worldwide

New developments by the raw material producers are responding to current application trends. Requirements are changing due to the advent of networked and semi-automated electric vehicles and the different mobility infrastructure. Products for digitalization and energy and resource efficiency are also moving center stage.

New Mobility Forms and Digitalization Are Shaping the Development of Engineering and High-Performance Plastics

Polyetherketon

Polyacrylate

Oberflächenbeschichtung

Holz

Anlagen Additive Fertigung / 3D-Druck, Kunststoff

Anlagen für die Additive Fertigung

Hybridwerkstoffe

Polyacetale

Verbundwerkstoffe / Werkstoffverbunde

Oberflächentechnik

Oberflächenveredelung

Lohnfertigung

Technology Made Easy

Optics play an increasingly important role in plastic components. Glossy and even surfaces are decisive for an attractive appearance. With glass fiber-reinforced polyamides (PA), these requirements can usually only be achieved with an additional coating. A PA specially developed for surface design offers an alternative approach.

For visible components, an even, glossy surface is often desired, which is often difficult to achieve with glass fiber-reinforced PA. PA Grivory G7V from EMS now solves this problem

Aliphatic High-Performance Polyamide for Plastic Surfaces

Spritzgießen

Glossy Components without Painting

Short Cycle Times and High Productivity for Smart Components

Direct Coating with Polyurethane Coatings Creates Opportunities in Design and Functionality

The process chain of the direct coating process has now been optimized. Self-healing, fast-curing PU casting coatings and polycarbonate compounds are now available for this manufacturing process.

Classic coating techniques such as spray painting are reaching their limits in the production of functionally highly integrated and elegantly decorated plastic parts. In contrast, the process chain of the direct coating process has now been optimized. Self-healing, fast-curing PU casting coatings and polycarbonate compounds that adhere firmly to each other even after aging are now available for this manufacturing process.

The trends of e-mobility, connectivity, and autonomous driving are inspiring a new design language in vehicle construction. For example, exterior components for passenger cars with glass-like surfaces in which numerous sensor elements are integrated, as well as lighting elements, are in demand. In the automotive interior, large-scale decorative parts with multi-functional, seamlessly integrated display, control, and ambient lighting elements are gaining ground. As a result, there is an increasing demand for smart plastic parts that feature a high degree of functional integration in addition to a high-quality design.

Direct Coating (DC) with polyurethane (PU) coating systems is particularly suitable for manufacturing the newly requested components. Compared with the subsequent painting of plastic parts, it has the benefit that it can be used not only for surface finishing but also for integrating highly complex functional component properties. It combines two technologies that have been established in large-scale production for decades in a single process: the injection molding of thermoplastics and reaction injection molding (RIM) of PU systems.

The PU-coated component is created in a mold that combines injection molding and RIM technology. First, the thermoplastic substrate is produced in the first cavity and then transferred to a second cavity, which is enlarged by the thickness of the coating layer. The PU system is then injected onto the substrate through a RIM mixing head. The result is a component with a PU layer that can be from approx. 200 µm to several millimeters thick. If a turntable or turning plate mold is used, the next substrate can already be produced in the first cavity while the PU system is still curing in the second cavity. This ensures short cycle times and high productivity. In addition, the DC process has many advantages in terms of sustainability and economy (Box).

PU coating systems offer an unusually wide scope for designing the surface of components. These can be produced to be transparent, translucent, or solid-colored and with high resistance to abrasion and chemical media such as oily skin creams. Leather-like soft-touch haptics can be created as well as hard, scratch-resistant optics with a brilliant deep gloss. A key benefit of the DC process with PU over spray painting is that detailed surface structures can be precisely molded with the RIM cavity. Macroscopically, these can be tactile supports and design elements such as edges. Microscopically, very fine grains up to nanostructures can be mapped for special effects such as anti-reflection properties. High-gloss areas can be directly adjacent to matte structures. This design option in particular can only be implemented with great effort using conventional coating methods and is therefore a unique feature of the DC process.

Specially Adapted Materials  for the DC Process

Rühl Puromer GmbH and Leverkusen/Germany-based polymer manufacturer Covestro are one of the pioneers of the DC process. Independently of each other and in part also jointly, they have developed important fundamentals of this manufacturing technology in terms of material formulation, component design, mold design and technology, machine equipment, and process simulation, among other things, and have often cooperated with machine and mold manufacturers in the process. Processing methods and raw material systems for the thermoplastic substrate and the PU coating were precisely adapted to each other by the two companies.

With Puroclear, Rühl offers light- and color-stable two-component PU coating systems based on aliphatic isocyanates, e. g. for wood and piano black trim parts. For the DC process, the reactivity of the product family was optimized for the shortest possible curing times, resulting in RIM cycle times at least equal to those of injection molding. Therefore, economical manufacturing is a given. The systems are also self-releasing with an “internal release function” integrated into the material, which has been tested in series production many times. The mold therefore does not need to be sprayed with release agent, nor does it require dedicated coatings. This also contributes to short cycle times and a simpler process flow. The great benefit of these self-releasing PU systems is that they allow for the mold-free production of components with brilliant surfaces without the need for post-processing. Separate release agents, on the other hand, prevent the direct formation of high-gloss surfaces.

The Puroclear range also includes variants that are self-healing, i. e. have the so-called reflow effect. Superficial scratches in the coatings – caused by vehicle keys or stone chips, for example – close themselves after a short period of time (Fig. 1). Components thus retain their high-quality appearance and function for longer. The abrasion resistance of these PU RIM coatings also contributes to this high suitability for everyday use. The purely physically based self-healing effect is based on a special network structure. In addition to chemical crosslinking sites, this also contains physical crosslinking sites, so-called hard segment domains, which are based on hydrogen bonds. The latter form again as reversible bonds after damage to the surface, which, together with the resilience of the polymer network, the memory effect, leads to the disappearance of the scratches.

High Transparency Allows for the Integration of Light and Sensors

Covestro has developed special polycarbonate (PC) and PC blend compounds from its Makrolon, Bayblend and Makroblend product lines for the DC process, as well as an extensive modular range of coating raw materials without solvent additives for PU coatings, such as special isocyanate crosslinkers from the Desmodur series and polyols from the Desmophen series. Among the thermoplastic DC materials, one focus is on PC. The polymer’s very good mechanical properties and high transparency meet the requirements of current design ideas in automotive interiors, for example, for ambient lighting and large, seamless control panels. In the exterior, it simplifies the integration of display functions for communication with other road users and of sensor elements for driver assistance systems based on radar and lidar frequencies. Suitable for such applications, Rühl has developed PU RIM coatings that exhibit very high transparency even at greater film thicknesses without sacrificing other automotive-relevant properties. They are therefore ideal synergy partners and offer good protection for transparent PC substrates (Fig. 2).

Ensuring the Adhesive Strength between PU and PC

Generally, the bond strength between PC and PU is considered challenging, especially under the influence of aging. It is true that Makrolon and transparent Puroclear grades have good adhesion properties in themselves. Nevertheless, the development partners Rühl and Covestro have further enhanced the adhesive strength with regard to long-term stability after aging. For this purpose, several material combinations were optimized and their adhesive strengths evaluated in the POSI pull-off test (according to ISO 4624). As a result, even specimens subjected to hydrolytic aging due to prolonged storage in hot-humid environments were found to meet automotive OEM adhesion specifications (Fig. 3). Further investigations also showed that the internal release function in the PU systems performs its intended task – easy demolding – and does not negatively affect the adhesion between PU and substrate.

Furthermore, both companies are working on incorporating the film insert molding (FIM) of films into the DC process. The deformed and decor-printed films not only considerably broaden the possibilities in component design, but are also very important for functional integration. For example, they can be used to represent inductive key functions by printing them with conductor paths and circuit diagrams that can be backlit (Fig. 4). The injection molding step can also be designed as a 2-component process.

Covestro and Rühl support project partners throughout the entire development chain of a DC component with a comprehensive application technology support. The focus is on process-oriented component design and mold technology and the simulation of the DC process and component properties. The precise simulation of the PU filling and warpage is essential, for example, to implement large, seamless PC decorative trim with glass effects, lighting elements, and touch sensors for automotive interiors. Components of this type must have a flawless aesthetic appeal with widely varying thicknesses of the PU layer. They can also tend to warp due to their size and the varying shrinkage of the PC substrate and the PU system. As a matter of principle, the PU filling process and warpage should be simulated at an early stage of the project in order to design the component and mold correctly from the outset and avoid subsequent expensive adjustments.

Covestro has developed corresponding calculation and simulation tools. A new calculation method based on a two-phase CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation is available for the filling simulation. In contrast to conventional methods for injection molding simulation, this considers the air displaced from the mold during PU filling not as a vacuum, but as a separate phase. In contrast to previous conventual simulation methods, this makes it possible to determine precisely where air bubbles form, where they migrate, and whether they remain in the component or reach the vent, depending on the structure in the coating and in the substrate (Fig. 5).

For the warpage simulation, a calculation method was developed that describes the material behavior of the coating systems with regard to shrinkage and warpage. The PU systems shrink more during molding than the thermoplastic substrates. Therefore, when designing a component, 3D structures with larger wall thickness increments should generally be placed in the substrate in order to keep the layer thickness of the PU system uniform and distortion low. However, in most applications, this is only possible in the ideal case. Simulation therefore helps to find an optimum layer thickness ratio at which the warpage and also the cycle times are minimal (Fig. 6).

Automotive Industry Appreciates the DC Process

Currently, the application focus of the DC process is on passenger car interiors. However, it is also increasingly being used for exterior components such as pillar trim with touch panels for entering codes to open and close the interior. Other potential exterior applications include highly integrated spoiler elements, radar covers, and front panels reminiscent of radiator grilles (Title figure). The latter primarily serve as a brand-defining design element in electric vehicles, with or without the integration of light and sensor substrates. Generally, the automotive industry increasingly appreciates the DC process as an efficient alternative to other manufacturing concepts for high-volume production because it offers increased component performance and freedom of design. Medical, equipment, IT, and communications technology are now also discovering the benefits of the process.

Rühl Puromer GmbH  

https://www.ruehl-ag.com

Ausgabenartikel

The DC process makes it easier and faster to produce sophisticated-looking components with integrated sensors and light elements

Fig. 1. White light interferograms of a scratch mark: after 48 hours, the scratch is no longer visible due to the self-healing effect

Fig. 2. Transparency in combination: comparative transmission measurements show that Makrolon and Puroclear ideally complement each other with their respective high transparency

Fig. 3. Results obtained in the POSI adhesion test for the combination of a standard PC and PU coating (1) and for the combination of a Makrolon Class A product type with a puroclear standard coating (2) and with a puroclear coating system optimized for PC (3) (hydrolytic storage for 72 h at 90 °C and 95 % humidity)

Fig. 4. The demonstrator for the control panel of a center console with inductive button functions was produced in the DC process using back injection molding of a printed Makrofol PC film, and the surface was finished with a puroclear-based deep gloss  

Fig. 5. Simulation of DC mold filling using the example of a sample board (red = PU coating, blue = air): if surface structures are integrated into  the PU coating, air pockets can form in the coating as a result of the coating being advanced in thicker areas (left). If, on the other hand, the surface structures are in the PC substrate, no air pockets are formed in the PU coating due to the uniform wall thickness and flow front (right)

Fig. 6. Simulation of warpage using the example of a sample panel: if the surface structures are in the PU coating, increased warpage can occur due to the greater shrinkage potential in the thicker PU coating areas (left). However, warpage is largely avoidable if the surface structures are incorporated into the PC substrate and thus the PU wall thickness is homogeneous and low (right)

KU 9-21_Covestro - Hauptartikel

<ul><li>No investment in separate painting systems</li><li>No cleanroom conditions necessary</li><li>No paint loss due to overspray</li><li>No pre-treatment, e. g. by primer or corona treatment</li><li>No common coating problems such as orange peel or coating build-up</li><li>Less logistical effort in handling the parts</li><li>Reduced space and resource requirements</li><li>Fewer rejects due to coating defects (e. g. dust, runs)</li><li>Hardly any emissions thanks to PU systems without solvent additives</li><li>Lower energy consumption compared to separate injection molding and painting</li></ul>

Christoph Bontenackels is a CAE engineer in the Global Digital Engineering Team of the Engineering Plastics segment at Covestro; <a href="mailto:christoph.bontenackels@covestro.com">christoph.bontenackels@covestro.com</a>

Dr. Ulrich Fehrenbacher is head of Development at Rühl Puromer GmbH and has worked for the company since 2014; <a href="mailto:ulrich.Fehrenbacher@ruehl-ag.com">ulrich.Fehrenbacher@ruehl-ag.com</a>

Dr. Ingo Kleba is Managing Director of Rühl Puromer GmbH and has been with the Friedrichsdorf/Germany-based company since 2009; <a href="mailto:ingo.kleba@ruehl-ag.com">ingo.kleba@ruehl-ag.com</a>

Dr. Markus Mechtel is Senior Manager in Industrial Marketing Automotive of Covestro’s Coatings and Adhesives segment; <a href="mailto:markus.mechtel@covestro.com">markus.mechtel@covestro.com</a>

Dr. Olaf Zöllner is head of Application Development Europe in the Engineering Plastics segment at Covestro; <a href="mailto:olaf.zoellner@covestro.com">olaf.zoellner@covestro.com</a>