Based on interviews in industry, this article describes a common understanding of the most important use cases. The results capture the current direction in the plastics industry.

16:9

Part 1 of the Series: Use Cases Based on Strategic Priorities in Plastics Processing

Strategie und Organisation

Wirtschaft

Spritzgießen

Kunststoffverarbeitung: Verfahren

Industrie 4.0 für die Kunststoffverarbeitung

Industrie 4.0

Compoundieren

Kunststoff-Aufbereitung

Implementation of Industry 4.0 in Injection Molding and Compounding

After a year’s forced break of Fakuma, Wittmann Battenfeld is announcing the new servohydraulic SmartPlus machine as the highlight of this year’s trade show. It is claimed to be characterized by high economic and energy efficiency and repeat accuracy.

The new SmartPlus machine is equipped with the HiQ Flow software and the CMS Light condition monitoring system

Schaumspritzgießen

Mikrospritzgießen

Mehrkomponenten-Spritzgießen

Spritzgießmaschinen, allgemein

Kunststoffverarbeitung: Maschinen und Komponenten

Spritzgießmaschinen

Messe Fakuma

kunststoffe-international.com

Spritzprägen

Elastomer-Spritzgießen

Injection Molding Innovations In-House, Live and in Color

iQ motion control from Engel now allows reliable early start combined with fully automatically optimized motion planning. The assistance system has been part of the standard kit of all new Engel viper-type linear robots since October 2021.

If the robot travels into the mold area already during the mold opening movement, this can shorten the cycle time. The effect is particularly large in the case of parts with long cores, such as boxes

iQ Motion Control Brings the Injection-Molding Machine and Robot Closer together

Steuerungen (Hardware und Software)

Automatisierungstechnik

Linearroboter für die Kunststoffverarbeitung

Handling, Handhabungstechnik

A Production Cell with Fluid Movements

Over past months, many in-house workflows and development processes have slowed down and also changed. Nevertheless, time has not stood still, also not in injection molding technology. The debate and development have been shaped by two themes: digitalization and the circular economy. Below are some examples of developments and projects that underpin this trend.

Two displays are seamlessly integrated into the continuously 3D-formed instrument panel

Innovative Injection Molding in Times of Pandemic

Künstliche Intelligenz für die Qualitätssicherung

Industrie 4.0 für die Qualitätssicherung

Steuern, Regeln

Software

Folientechnik (IMD, IML, FIM, u.a.)

Digitale Transformation

Innovationen und neue Technologie

Spritzgießwerkzeuge

Werkzeuge für die Kunststoffverarbeitung

Biokunststoffe

Kunststoff Werkstoffe

Spritzgieß-Sonderverfahren

Nachhaltigkeit

Umweltmanagement

Spritzgießsimulation

Simulation

Schnecken und Plastifiziersysteme

Machine Learning / Künstliche Intelligenz für die spanende Fertigung

Industrie 4.0 für die spanende Fertigung

Kunststoff-Recycling

Lasermarkieren

Oberflächentechnik

Laserbearbeitungen

Inline- / Online-Messsysteme

Qualitätssicherung

Qualitätssicherung Kunststoff

Kreislaufwirtschaft

There Is More beyond the Horizon

At Fakuma 2021, iQ Weight Control will be unveiled with its new interface and expanded functionality. The new developments have been driven by feedback from customers. With its consistently user-centered development approach, Engel is one of the pioneers.

The new release of iQ weight control is based on feedback from users. In the user-centered development process, Engel closely involves its customers at all stages

The Assistance System iQ Weight Control Promises Greater Clarity and New Functions

Produktentwicklung(sprozess)

Qualitätsmanagement

Focusing on the User

Guido Frohnhaus has been Managing Director Technology & Engineering at Arburg for a good two years now. The pandemic restrictions meant that he has made very few appearances outside the company so far, but, as he says himself, he spent the time getting to know the in-house processes at all levels and in great detail. In this interview with Kunststoffe, the 52-year-old talks about the course he plans to set and how crucial the high level of in-house manufacturing and programming expertise is for the company’s independence.

Doriat, Clemens, Dr.

“Gestica Will Be the Fixed Star in the Customer’s Universe”

The digital shadow is the core concept of the Cluster of Excellence “Internet of Production” at RWTH Aachen University. It represents the data trace of an asset to describe its real behavior. In the Plastics Innovation Center 4.0 (PIC 4.0), digital shadows, e.g. the data trace of a sensor, are used to optimize processes taking into account real behavior and to determine simulation quality.

The construction of the PIC 4.0 proceeds and throws its shadow on the Campus Melaten.

Part 7 of the Series: How the Digital Shadow Enlightens Real Processes in the PIC 4.0

Sensorik für Kunststoff-Verarbeitungsmaschinen

Digitaler Zwilling

Out of the Shadow into the Light

In the second part of the series the digitalization applied in injection molding was presented with examples. The quality of the granulates used, produced in the upstream compounding process, is an important influencing factor via the viscosity. Can consistent granulate quality be achieved through the use of digitalization in compounding? Does comprehensive data recording bring with it further use cases, and what special attention must be paid to a continuous process? The Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences presents the first results of internal projects.

Alex Ramsauer (left) and Prof. Daniel Schwendemann from IWK take a critical look at the data analysis.

Part 3 of the Series: Digitalization in Compounding

Extrusion

Every Unit Counts

How do you bring 65 injection molding machines and various assembly lines – most of the manufacturing cells in the cleanroom – as well as, soon, a large number of ancillary equipment under one digital roof? A field report.

The Arburg host computer system ALS is the link between the shop floor and ERP system and connects order management with process and quality monitoring.

The Arburg Host Computer System as a Basis of Higher Productivity and Product Quality

Condition Monitoring / Prozessüberwachung

Instandhaltung

Kennzahlen, Q-Leitstand, Q-Monitor

Rückverfolgbarkeit, Traceability

Energieeffizienz

Montagelinien

Montagetechnik

Montage

Medizintechnik

Reinraumsysteme / -technik

Medizinprodukte

Case Files for Patient Safety

In production and research, process data and previously defined quality values are tracked to determine optimization models and pursue consistent quality management. In contrast, data that is not relevant to the specific application is rarely recorded.

Structure and interconnection along the information-pyramid subsequently generate knowledge from sensorsignals.

Part 9: Consistent Data Structures for Sustainable Access to Secure Knowledge

Messdatenerfassung und -verarbeitung

Machine Learning

Datenanalyse

Datenbanken

Big Data für die Qualitätssicherung

IoT-Plattformen für die Kunststoffverarbeitung

Complete Data without Ifs and Buts

The iQ product family from Engel will gain a new member at K 2022. iQ hold control automatically determines the optimum holding pressure time for the particular mold with no input from the operator.

 The optimum holding pressure time is often lower than that established at the beginning. In these cases, the cycle time is shortened.

iQ hold control Determines the Optimum Holding Pressure Time

Smart Factory

Energiedatenmanagement

Holding out for Higher Quality

Arburg has adopted a clear message for its trade fair appearance at the K 2022 in Düsseldorf: „There is only a Plan A“.

In the arburgGreenworld pavilion of the VDMA Circular Economy Forum, an Allrounder 370 A with recyclate package is manufacturing “Greenline” wall plugs from Fischer.

Messe K-Kunststoffmesse

Sustainability thanks to Digitalization

 At KraussMaffei’s booth, automotive door modules are produced from former caps of insulin pens. The system supplier is presenting not only the machine hardware necessary for this but also new digital solutions.

Digital solutions are an essential component of the material loop from the insulin pen cap to the car door module.

kunststoffe.de

From the Insulin Pen Cap to the Automotive Door Module

At K 2022, Engel, with its partners Alpla Group, Brink and IPB Printing, is presenting a quantum leap for the packaging industry. Thin-wall containers can for the first time be produced from PET directly by injection molding in only one process step.

Fig. 1. The thin-walled containers are injection molded from rPET.

Schmelzefilter

Polyethylenterephthalat

Thermoplaste

Kunststoff-Rezyklat

Processing rPET by Thin-Wall  Injection Molding

Netstal presents new solutions for high-performance injection molding in Düsseldorf.

aXos control unit with “Smart Operation:” the guided machine operation enables users to achieve additional productivity increases.

Fast, Precise and Networked

On the Way to the Smart Injection Molding Factory

Part 2 of the Series: Integrated Data Acquisition for the Injection Molding Production

Everyone is talking about digitalization and Industry 4.0. In practice, however, implementation is often difficult. The data-driven operation of an injection molding production is often still a dream. Only if the exact actual condition of the machines and peripheral equipment is known, work on optimizing the processes can be done. The Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences describes the challenges that have to be overcome and shows possible solutions based on a self-operated manufacturing cell.

There are two main challenges in implementing Industry 4.0 today [1].

On the one hand, there is often a lack of awareness in practice, both for possible applications and for the necessity of a concrete step-by-step implementation. We are talking about the actual target orientation or also use case definition for the smart factory. This concretization must be oriented to the following questions:

<ul><li>How can I increase my value creation by using data?</li><li>How can I use my data? What is the goal?</li><li>What data do I need to implement a specific use case?</li></ul>

The awareness for possible applications can be created by the use case framework presented in <a ext="tango:{f7174548-8ad9-4017-b06b-55b8e552a559}">the last article of this series (Kunststoffe international 7/21)</a>. This framework was systematized and developed on the basis of realized use cases in practice [2].

On the other hand, learning from data requires a complete database. Some questions arise here as well:

<ul><li>Which signals do I need? Which signals are available at all?</li><li>What quality of data do I need? Is the data available in this required quality?</li><li>How do I get the data out of my machine?</li><li>How do I synchronize data from different machines and devices?</li></ul>

The database is often a major hurdle, as the data is simply not available or not in sufficient quality. In the field of plastics processing, for example, there are no suitable, industry-wide standardized specifications and protocols that can be integrated with a variety of different data sources and database systems without any problems. This lack of standardization has resulted in each machine providing data differently today. Fortunately, many standards and specifications are currently in development (e. g. OPC UA), so interoperability will improve in the future.

Investigations showed that a step-by-step approach to implementing Industry 4.0 in plastics processing is target-oriented. We start with the definition of the use case. Based on this, an initial model for prediction can be developed with a focus on this use case. The validated model can then be integrated into the IT landscape, which is then rolled out in the factory or the entire production network. This is also reflected in the developed model for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the factory (Fig. 1).

Many expert organizations are currently also dealing with this topic and specifically with the standardization of data. For example, there are also recommendations from the VDI group on which signals should be recorded in the field of injection molding [3].

Newer machines offer increasingly better data availability, i. e. they also enable more and more high-frequency recording of the individual signals and their storage as time series curves. This enables in-depth process analyses, which are essential depending on the use case. For the cyclic export of process parameters, the Euromap 63 and Euromap 77 (OPC UA) interfaces also play an important role here.

At the Institute of Materials Technology and Plastics Processing (IWK), it was possible to set up a data acquisition system to which five different injection molding machines from various manufacturers and various peripheral devices have now been integrated. The recorded data can be visualized and evaluated directly.

A number of challenges had to be overcome in order to set up this type of data acquisition for machine learning. It became clear that device-specific solutions often had to be implemented so that the data could be exported and recorded in the desired quality. This is a hurdle for smaller manufacturing companies in particular, as such interdisciplinary know-how is often not available.

Another difficulty is the synchronization of data from different machines and devices (e. g. injection molding machine, temperature control units, ambient conditions). Each device usually works with its own time stamp. This is a common problem, especially when working with time series of different devices. This can be avoided by setting up a live system in which all data is recorded synchronously. The time stamp is assigned by the data acquisition system. However, this requires that all machines and devices provide the data live. This means that curve data, which for example is made available via the OPC UA interface at the end of the cycle as time series histories, is not suitable for this purpose. A direct query of strongly time dependent signals (e. g. injection pressure or screw position) via OPC UA in high frequency is not suitable due to the limited publishing interval of the interface (usually max. 200 to 500 ms). However, it is possible to query pre-calculated parameters (such as maximum or average values) at the end of each cycle, and these data can also be combined with curve data. Nevertheless, aggregation already results in a loss of information. Depending on what is to be learned from the data, this can of course be critical. Older machines, which do not support such interfaces and do not store raw data at all due to limited storage capacities, present an additional difficulty.

In addition to synchronization, the allocation of data from different pre or post-processes is also an issue. On the one hand, data acquisition differs between continuous processes, e. g. material drying, in which continuous time series are recorded, and discontinuous processes such as injection molding and, for example, welding as a follow-up process, in which the data are recorded for each cycle and at a defined sampling rate. On the other hand, the data from the pre-process steps must then also be able to be clearly assigned to the later data of the part. For injection molding, this means which material batch was processed and how long was the material used, to manufacture the molded part, pre-dried? This is not a simple question, which is why it is currently still being worked on. For follow-up processes, this is much easier, since the part and the associated data already exist and only need to be expanded.

Fully Automated and Self-Learning Manufacturing Cell

One implementation of this connected factory is a manufacturing cell for the production of a floorball (Title figure and Fig. 2). The ball halves are manufactured on an injection molding machine, laser marked, completely measured in three dimensions and then stored in an interim storage system sorted by color. A collaborative robot is used for automated handling.

For customer orders, this robot takes the ball halves in the desired color from the storage system and transfers them to the welding machine, where the halves are welded into a ball fully automatically. This is a fully connected and automated production cell, the process data of all production steps as well as the quality characteristics are stored in the cloud and can be clearly assigned to each ball. On the one hand, this ensures complete traceability and, on the other, the entire production process can be optimized by using artificial intelligence and advancing towards zero-defect production. This manufacturing cell serves as a training object for students of the OST –Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences and shows companies the possibilities of digitalization.

Use of Data Acquisition for  Research Projects

The data acquisition system also serves as the basis for the use of artificial intelligence in a wide range of projects in the field of injection molding. A central topic is the early detection of process anomalies on the basis of process data. When an anomaly occurs, the machine operator should also be given a recommendation for a suitable countermeasure. This topic is being investigated in a three-year publicly funded research project with five industrial partners.

The process anomalies can be reliably detected and first appropriate countermeasures can be suggested. With the use of a support vector machine and an autoencoder an anomaly score (Fig. 3, top left) can be calculated based on various features. This indicates how stable the current process is running. When this score increases, a recommendation for action is suggested to the operator (Fig. 3, bottom right), which can be used to correct the process.

Other use cases include the prediction of the quality characteristics of the manufactured parts on the basis of process data and predictive maintenance or detection of wear on tool or machine components.

[1] Hopmann, C. & Schmitz, M. (2021). Plastics industry 4.0: Potentials and applications in plastics technology. Hanser Publishers; Hanser Publications.

[2] Budde, Lukas, Hänggi, Roman and Friedli, Thomas. „Digitalisierung à la carte: Individuelle Auswahl von Use Cases nach strategischen Prioritäten“ Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 113, no. 12, 2018, pp. 850–854. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3139/104.112016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3139/104.112016</a>

[3] VDI-Gesellschaft Materials Engineering (2019). VDI-Statusreport Industrie 4.0 in Spritzgiessunternehmen.

OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule Inst. f. Werkstofftechnik u. Kunststoffverarbeitung (IWK)

https://www.iwk.hsr.ch

Ausgabenartikel

Fully automated manufacturing cell for the production of a floorball at IWK’s technical laboratory in Rapperswil, Switzerland

Fig. 1. Model for the implementation of machine learning in the factory

Fig. 2. Production flow of fully automated manufacturing cell

Fig. 3. GUI (Graphical User Interface) for anomaly detection and countermeasure proposal 

Ostschweizer FH - Hauptartikel

Curdin Wick, M.Sc., is head of the injection molding department at the Institute of Materials Technology and Plastics Processing (IWK) at Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences (OST).

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Ehrig heads the Institute for Materials Technology and Plastics Processing (IWK) at OST.

Prof. Daniel Schwendemann is head of the compounding and extrusion department at the Institute of Materials Engineering and Plastics Processing (IWK) at OST.

Prof. Dr. Roman Hänggi is a partner at the Institute for Product Design, Development and Construction (IPEK) and Professor for Production Management at OST.

Adrian Rüedy, M.Sc., is project manager at the Institute for Product Design, Development and Construction (IPEK) at OST.

The last article in this series takes a look at the challenges involved in implementing specific use cases and learning from data with the help of artificial intelligence in the field of compounding production technology.